 |
| |
| What is Endosulfan? |
Endosulfan is a non systemic insecticide with acaricidal properties that has been in commercial use for over 50 years. It is recommended and used for control of insect pests and mites on fruits, vegetables, coffee, soybean, tea, spices, flowers, forage crops and non food crops such as cotton & tobacco. In addition to its agricultural use, Endosulfan has recently been allowed in USA (since 2006) as a veterinary insecticide for use as ear tag in both lactating and beef cattle for control of ecto parasites.
Its current global use in estimated to be 35 million litres - making it to be among the top five generic, off patent agricultural insecticides in the world. It is used in such agriculturally important countries as China, India, USA, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Israel, Nigeria, Sudan etc. It must me noted that these countries account for more than 50% of world's area under agriculture.
|
| Class I a |
: |
Extremely Hazardous |
| Class I b |
: |
Highly Hazardous |
| Class II |
: |
Moderately Hazardous |
| Class III |
: |
Slightly Hazardous |
|
Endosulfan is classified under Class II ( Moderately Hazardous) pesticides. Other pesticides that belong to Class II include Copper Sulphate, Deltamethrin, Imidacloprid, Propoxur, Permithrin etc. |
| |
| Endosulfan Chemistry |
The IUPAC name for endosulfan is 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide. It is a sulfurous acid ester of a chlorinated cyclic diol compound which gives unique properties different from Organochlorine compounds. |
| |
| The role of Endosulfan in IPM systems |
The relevance of Integrated Pest Management System (IPM) is unanimously acknowledged around the world. Endosulfan plays an important role in these programmes. IPM systems in India, China ,South & Central America, the United States, and Australia, utilize Endosulfan products as a critical management tool. Endosulfan is compatible with IPM systems in cotton, soybeans, coffee, fruits, and vegetables.
Typically these systems include the following two essential characteristics of IPM systems: |
| • |
To minimise the toxic impact on beneficial insects, i.e. (non-target predators and parasites). Endosulfan is considered to be selective pesticides that cause minimal harm to the natural enemies that pay an important role in the biological control of secondary pests such as aphids, mites, thrips and whitefly. As a result, Endosulfan is referred to as a "soft" insecticide in many crop systems. |
| • |
To manage or prevent the development of insecticide resistance by economically significant primary pests. Endosulfan is used in a rotation program with other insecticides to vary modes-of-action.
|
|
Many years of research supporting Endosulfan use has been conducted and documented IPM systems all over the world.
The early season use of Endosulfan conserves the population of natural enemies of pests (predators and parasites) and causes suppressive effect as early season sucking pests such as aphids. The alternative products (carbamates organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids) are much harder on such beneficial insects. Early season use of Endosulfan could reduce total insecticides uses by as much as 50%.
India's premier agricultural university, Punjab Agricultural University which in 2007 compared bio efficacy of all contemporary insecticides, ranked Endosulfan as the best and most ideal for use in cotton. |
 |
| Endosulfan & IPM |
| Coming Soon... |
| |
| Crops and Pests for Endosulfan Use |
EndoSulfan is used in the control of sucking, chewing, and boring insects and mites on a very wide range of crops, including fruit (including citrus), vines, olives, vegetables, ornamentals, potatoes, cucurbits, cotton, tea, coffee, rice, cereals, maize, sorghum, oilseed crops, hops, hazels, sugarcane, tobacco, alfalfa, mushrooms, forestry, glasshouse crops, etc. Also controls tsetse flies.
The early season use of Endosulfan conserves the population of natural enemies of pests (predators and parasites) and causes suppressive effect as early season sucking pests such as aphids. The alternative products (carbamates organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids) are much harder on such beneficial insects. Early season use of Endosulfan could reduce total insecticides uses by as much as 50%. |
| |
| INSECTS CONTROLLED BY ENDOSULFAN |
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| CEREALS |
| Paddy |
Stemborer
Gall fly
Caseworm
Jassid
Swarming Caterpillar
Thrips
Army worm
Blue beetle |
Teyporyza incertulas
W.Pachydiaplosis oryzae (W.M)
Nymphula depunctalis
Nephotetix bipunctalis G.
N. Bipuncta; Tetigoniella sp.
Spodoptera mauritia B.
Thrips oryzae will
Pseudalatia separata N.
Leptispa pygmaea |
| Jowar |
Stemborer |
Chilo zenellus S. |
| Hy.Jowar |
Flea beetle
Web worm
Army worm
Gram Caterpillar |
Chaetochnema indica WSC
Senachoria elongata N.
Pseudalatia separata N.
Heliothis armigera N. |
| Maize |
Pink borer
Army worm Stemborer
Aphids. |
Sesamia inferens N.
Pseudalatia separata H.
Chilo Zonellus S.
Rhophalasiphum maidis F. |
| Bajari |
Blister beetle |
Zonabtis pustulata T.
Lytta tenuicoli Pell
Gnathos pat pides (Lytta)
Rouxi Cast. |
| Wheat |
Pink borer
Aphids
Termites |
Sesamia inferens W.
Typhlocyba maculifrons Motsck
Erychroneura Jaina
Rhophalesiphum maidid F.
Termes sp. |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| OIL SEEDS |
| Groundnut |
Aphids
Leafminer
Pod sucking bug
Hairy caterpillar |
Aphis craccivora Kech.
Stomopteryx subscivella Z.
Aphanus sordidus F.
Diacrisia obliqua |
| Castor |
Semi looper
Capsule borer
Jassids |
Achoea janata L.
Dichocrocis Punctiferalis G.
Empoasca distinguenda Paolli
|
| Safflower |
Aphids |
Dactynotus compositae Theb. |
| Sesamum |
Gall fly
Sphinx caterpillar
Pod sucking bug |
Aspondylia seaami Fell.
Acherontia styx W.
Aphenus sordidus F. |
| Rapeseed & Mustard |
Mustard sawfly
Aphid
Painted bug
Cabbage looper
Bihar hairy caterpillar
Diamond back moth
Cabbage worm |
Athalia proxima K.
Brevicoryne brassicae Linn.
Bagrada Picta F.
Trichoplusia ni
Diacrisia obliqua
Plutella maculipennis
Pieris rapae |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| COMMERCIAL CROPS |
| Cotton |
Pink boll worm
Spotted boll worm
Amercian boll worm
Aphid
Jassids
Thrips
Leaf roller Duskey
cotton bug
Red cotton bug
Mealy bugs |
Pectinophora gossypiella S.
Earias fabia S.
Earias insulana B.
Heliothis armigera Hbn
Empoasca devastans Dist.
Anaphothips (Scirtothrips)
Dorsalia Hood
Sylepta derogara Fb.
Oxycaroenus loetus K.
Dysdercus cingulatus K.
Ferrisiana Virgata CKLL. |
| Jute |
Apion
Semi looper
Hairy caterpillar
Army worm |
Apion corchori
Cosmophila sabulifera
Diacrisia obliqua
Laphygma spp. |
| Sugarcane |
Stemborer
Topshoot borer
Internode borer
Pyrilla
Aphid
Grasshopper
White fly |
Chilotraea infuscatellus Snell
Scirpophaga nivelia F.
Sesamia inferens WIK
Pyrilla perpusilla WIK
Aphis sacchari Z.
Hieroglyphus banab Fb.
Aleurolobus barodensis Mask.
Neomaskellia bergi S. |
| Tobacco |
Leaf eating Caterpillar
Stemborer
Cut worm
White fly
Aphid |
Prodenia litura F.
Gnorimoschema heliopela
Agrotis ypsilon
Bemisia tabaci
Myzus persicae |
| Chillies |
Thrips
Mites
Aphids |
Anaphothrips dorsalis N.
Thrips tabaci Lind.
Tetranychus telarius L.
Aphis gossypi. |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| PULSES |
| Tur |
Plum Moth
Pod fly
Pod bug
Aphid
Mealy bug
Membracid |
Exelastes atomosa W.
Agromyza obtusa M.
Clavigralla gibbosa S.
Aphis medicaginis Kle
Centrococcus insolitus Green.
Otinotus Oneratus W. |
| Pea |
Leaf eating Caterpillar
Pod borer
Aphids
Leaf
miner
Semi looper |
Lephigma exigua Hb.
Heliothis armigera H.
Macrociphum pisi Kalt
Liripmyza Spp.
Plusia Orichalcea |
Mung, Urid, Chewali,
Wal Gram etc. |
Aphids
Stemfly
Leaf webber
Beafminer
Hairy Caterpillar
Flea beetle
Blister beetle
Thrips
Pod fly
Pod borer
Spotted Caterpillar
Plume moth |
Aphis craccivora koch
Ophiomyia centrosematis
Cydia critica
Chromatomyia horticola
Diacrisia obliqua
Maduraia sp.
Luperodes sp.
Mylabris sp.
Thysanoptera
Melanagromyza obtusa
Heliothis armigera
Maruca testulalis
Exclastic atomosa |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| FORAGE |
| Legumes |
Leaf eating Caterpillar |
Laphygma exigua Hb. |
| Lucerne |
Weevil
Thrips
Gram Caterpillar
Pea semi looper
Aphid
Red Caterpillar
Grasshopper
Red Pumpkin beetle
Leaf Hopper
Hairy Carterpillar |
Hypera Variabilis
Toeniothrips distalis
Heliothis armigera
H. obsoleta
Plusia Orichalcea
Therioaphis manculate
Acyrthosiphum pisum
Amascta moorei
A.
albistriga
Atracomorpha crenulata
Aulacophora fevicoltis
Empoasca Kerri
Diacrisia Obliqua |
|
| |
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| VEGETABLES |
| Potato |
Cut worm
Leaf hopper
Tuber moth
Aphid |
Agrotis ypsilon Rott
Em poasca formosana Paoli
Pthorimaea operculella Z.
Myzus persicae Sulz
Aphis
gossipii Glover |
| Potato |
Epilachna bettle
Mite
Thrips |
Epilachna dodecaotigama M.
E. vigincta F.
Hemitarsonemus latus Banks
Hercothrips indicus B. |
Brinjal
(Egg Plant) |
Shoot borer
Leaf roller
Epilachna beetle
Jassids
Aphids
Tingid bug |
Leucinodes arbonalis g.
Eublemma oblivacea M.
Epilachna dedecaotigma M.
E. Vigincta F.
Empoasca devastenus D.
Myzus persicae S.
Urentius echinus D. |
| Cucurbits |
Red & Black pumpkin
beetle
Fruit Fly
Epilachna beetle
Epilachna beetle
Aphids
Blister beetle
Jassids
Mite
Cabbage looper
Leaf hopper |
Aulacophora foveicollis Luca
A.intermedia jacoby
Ceratia Cineta F.
Gynandropthalma dongicornis
Jac.
Lema subividae Jac.
Dacus ciliatus Loew.
Dacus cucurbitae Cog.
Epilachna dodecaotigma M.
E.vigincta F.
Aphis malvae Koch.
Lytta spp.
Empoasca devastans Dist.
Tetransychus telaris L.
Eotetranychus orientalis Kle
Trichoplusia nl |
Bhindi
(Okra) |
Spotted boll worm
Aphids
Thrips
Mite
|
Empoasca devastans Dist.
Earias fabia Stoll
E.insulana Boisd.
Aphis gossipi Glover. |
| Onion |
Thrips |
Anaphothrips dorsalis H.
Tetranychus Sp. |
Cabbage
Cauliflower etc. |
Cabbage Aphid
Green peach aphid
Cabbage Worm
Cabbage Worm
Diamond back moth
Cabbage looper
Cabbage moth
Leafminer |
Thrips tabaci L.
Brevicaryne brassicae
Myzus persicae
Pieris brassicae
Pieris rapae
Plutella maculipennis
Trichoplusia ni
Mamestra brassicae
Liriomyza brassicae Riley |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| FRUIT PLANTS |
| Citrus |
Lamon butterfly
Leaf miner
Fruit sucking moth
White flies
Mites
Citrus psylla
Leaf roller
Fruit fly |
Papilio demoleus L.
Phyllocnislis Citrella S.
Ophideres fullonica L.
O.materna L.
Achoea janata L.
Dialeurodes Citri R. & H
Aleurocanthus spinferus Q.
Toxoptera auranti Boy
Toxoptera Citricides Kirk.
Schizotetranychus hiinudstanicus Hitst.
Diaphornia citri K.
Tonia Zizyphi Stn.
Dacus Sp. |
| Mango |
Hopper
Fruit fly
Mites
Scales
Mealy bugs |
Idioscopus spp.
Dacus spp.
Eryophyes mangiferae S.
Aspidoitis destructor Sign
Rastrococcus iceryoides |
| Guava |
Fruit fly
Bark & Shoot borer
Mealy bug
Scales |
Dacus spp.
Inderbella quadrinotata Wlk
Ferrisinia virgata Ckll
Pulvinaria psidi Mask |
| Pomegranate |
Fruit borer
Bark borer
Leaf eating caterpillar
Mites |
Virachola isocrates F.
Inderbella quodrinotata Wlk
Euproctis faterna Moore
Tenuipalpus punicae P & B |
| Grapevine |
Beetle
Thrips
Mite
Steam girdler |
Scelodonta strigicolis M.
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus H.
Oligonuchus mangiferae R & S
Sthenias grisator Fab. |
| Apples |
Apple blossom weevil
Apple aphid
Mottled umber moth
Woodly apple sawfly
European apple
sawfly
Lackey moth
Winter moth
Brown leaf beetle
Gipsy moth
Apple sucker
Apple rust mite |
Anthonomus pomorum
Aphis pomi
Erannus defoliaria
Eriosoma lanigerum
Hoplocampa testudinea
Malacosoma neustria
Operophtera burmata
Phyllobius oblongua
Porthetria dispar
Psylla mali
Vasates schlechendali |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| FORESTRY |
| |
Alder leaf-beetle
Pine looper moth
Eastern spruce gall
aphid
Larch casebearer
Douglas-fir beetle
Engraver beetle
Lackey moth
Red popular leaf
beetle
Cockchafer
Winter moth
Gipsy moth |
Agelastica alni
Bupalus Piniarius
Chermes abietis
Coleophora laricella
Dentroctonus pseudotsugae
Ips typographus
Malcosoma neustria
Malcosoma populi
Melelontha melolontha
Operophtera brumata
Porthetria dispar |
|
|
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| ORNAMENTALS |
| |
Aphids
White flies
Cyclamen mite |
Aphide
Bemisia spp.
Steneotarsonemus pallidus |
|
| |
| CROPS |
|
PESTS |
| PLANTATION CROPS |
| Coffee |
Antestia bugs
Clear-wing hawk moth
Lacewing bugs
Coffee berry borer |
Antestiopsis spp.
Cephonodes hylas
Habrochila sp.
Stephanoderes hamperi |
| Tea |
Looper caterpillar
Tea Mosquito
Mealy bugs
Coccids
Cut worm
Mites |
|
|
|
| Rates of Application |
Rates of application vary according to pest and the prevailing condition, crops, intensity and plant population, height of the crop etc. General recommendation are as under.
|
| a) |
Fruit trees |
: |
120 gm ai/100 Lit. Water or 2400 – 3600 gm |
| b) |
Vegetables |
: |
1200 – 2400 gm ai / hectare |
| c) |
Cotton |
: |
1200 – 3000 gm ai / hectare |
| d) |
Ornamentals |
: |
120 gm ai / 100 Lit. Water |
|
| |
| Resources & Publications |
| Coming Soon... |
| |
| Performance of various insecticides against insect pests and safety to natural enemies of cotton |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
 |
| |
| |
| Our Vision |
To voice concerns of developing countries with respect to policies negatively affecting them in agriculture sector. |
|
| |
| Our Mission |
To create awareness about endosulfan among all stake holders through dissemination of scientific facts to dispel myths surrounding it. |
|
| |
|
|
 |
| |
|
